Citizenship vs. Nationality: Key Differences Explained by Green Card Link
Many people use the terms citizenship and nationality interchangeably, but in immigration matters, the two concepts carry very different legal meanings. Understanding the distinction is essential when applying for immigration benefits, visas, or U.S. citizenship. In this guide, the immigration attorneys at Green Card Link explain the difference between citizenship vs. nationality, how nationality vs. ethnicity differ, and the pathways to obtain U.S. citizenship.
Difference Between Citizenship and Nationality
Although related, citizenship and nationality are not the same.
- Citizenship refers to a person’s legal status within a country, granting them rights, protections, and responsibilities.
- Nationality is the legal bond between an individual and a state, often tied to their place of birth or heritage.
What Is Citizenship?
Citizenship is a formal legal status that comes with civil rights and obligations. It represents a person’s membership in a country and commitment to its values and laws.
In the U.S., citizenship can be obtained through:
- Birth within U.S. territory
- Marriage to a U.S. citizen
- Naturalization after meeting residency and eligibility requirements
Citizenship can change—individuals may hold dual or multiple citizenships or may choose to renounce citizenship in one country.
What Is Nationality?
Nationality, unlike citizenship, is based on your relationship with your place of birth or lineage. Unlike citizenship, nationality cannot be changed. It represents your legal and cultural belonging to a nation.
Citizenship in the United States
Under the 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, anyone “born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”
Who Is a U.S. National?
The following individuals are considered nationals of the United States:
- A person born in U.S. outlying possessions
- A child born abroad to U.S. national parents who meet residency requirements
- A child with unknown parents found in U.S. outlying territories (under age five, until proven otherwise)
- A person born abroad to one U.S. national parent
U.S. National vs. U.S. Citizen
All U.S. citizens are considered U.S. nationals, but not all nationals are U.S. citizens. For example, individuals born in American Samoa or Swains Island are U.S. nationals but not automatically U.S. citizens.
U.S. nationals:
- Have the right to live in the U.S. indefinitely
- May apply for naturalization to become full citizens
- Cannot vote in federal elections or hold certain government offices until naturalized
Historical Examples of Non-Citizen Nationals
You may be considered a non-citizen U.S. national if you were born in:
- Puerto Rico (1898–1917)
- Guam (1898–1950)
- U.S. Virgin Islands (1917–1927)
- The Philippines (1898–1946)
Today, individuals born in these territories (except the Philippines, now independent) are generally recognized as full U.S. citizens.
Example: Nationality vs. Citizenship
Consider this scenario:
A woman born in Spain moves to the U.S. at age 30. As a permanent resident (green card holder), she remains a Spanish national. After naturalization, she becomes both a U.S. national and a U.S. citizen, holding dual nationality with Spain.
Is a Green Card Holder a U.S. National?
No. A green card holder is not a U.S. national. Instead, they are lawful permanent residents (LPRs) who can live and work in the U.S. but remain foreign nationals until naturalization.
Compacts of Free Association (COFA)
Under agreements with the Republic of Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau, citizens of these nations may enter the U.S. without a visa, live, and work indefinitely. They receive an I-94 form upon entry, marked according to their COFA status.
Rights of U.S. Nationals
U.S. nationals are entitled to:
- Live and work in the U.S.
- Apply for a U.S. passport
- Pursue naturalization under the same process as green card holders
- Freedom of expression, religion, and protection abroad through U.S. consular services
Can U.S. Nationals Become U.S. Citizens?
Yes. Nationals may become citizens through naturalization, provided they meet residency and physical presence requirements. After becoming citizens, they gain the right to vote in federal elections and hold public office.
Dual Nationality
Dual nationality means holding allegiance to two countries simultaneously. For example, a child born to U.S. nationals in Canada may be considered both a U.S. national and a Canadian national. While they may not automatically be a Canadian citizen, they still carry nationality from both countries.
Nationality vs. Ethnicity
Nationality should not be confused with ethnicity. While nationality is a legal concept, ethnicity refers to cultural identity, language, religion, and shared ancestry. Ethnicity differs from race, which is tied to biological and physical traits.
Types of U.S. Citizenship
There are two primary pathways to U.S. citizenship:
- By Birth – Anyone born in the U.S. or certain qualifying circumstances abroad.
- By Naturalization – Available to permanent residents after meeting eligibility requirements.
Examples of citizenship by birth include:
- Children of U.S. citizens born abroad (if parents meet residency requirements)
- Children of one U.S. citizen parent and one U.S. national
- Children born to one U.S. citizen and one noncitizen parent, provided the U.S. citizen parent meets physical presence requirements
Other cases, such as children born through assisted reproductive technology (ART) and surrogacy abroad, may also qualify if a biological connection to a U.S. citizen parent exists.
Get Help from Immigration Attorneys at Green Card Link
Whether you are exploring U.S. citizenship, navigating nationality questions, or considering dual nationality, the experienced immigration attorneys at Green Card Link can guide you every step of the way. From green card applications to naturalization, our team is here to simplify the process and protect your rights.
Naturalization Process – From U.S. National to U.S. Citizen
One of the most common paths to becoming a U.S. citizen is through the naturalization process. This process allows certain lawful permanent residents, military service members, and qualifying family members to transition from permanent residency to full citizenship. To succeed, applicants must meet specific eligibility requirements set by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
Who Qualifies for Naturalization?
You may be eligible to apply for U.S. naturalization if you fall into one of the following categories:
- Permanent Residents: Individuals who have maintained lawful permanent residency in the U.S. and satisfied all other eligibility requirements.
- Spouses of U.S. Citizens: Spouses who hold permanent residency and meet the continuous residence and other qualifications.
- Members of the U.S. Armed Forces: Those currently serving or who have previously served in the U.S. military and meet the required conditions.
- Children of U.S. Citizens Abroad: A child may also qualify if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen, the child was born overseas, and all USCIS criteria are fulfilled.
USCIS Requirements for Naturalization
In addition to qualifying under one of the above categories, USCIS requires applicants to:
- Be at least 18 years old at the time of filing.
- Have maintained continuous and physical presence in the U.S. for at least five years prior to the application.
- Demonstrate good moral character and integrity.
Once eligibility is established, applicants must file Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, attend a USCIS interview, and successfully pass both the English language and U.S. civics tests.
The filing fee for the N-400 is currently $640, plus an additional $85 biometric fee, payable to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The Citizenship Interview
During the naturalization interview, a USCIS officer will evaluate your eligibility and ability to integrate into U.S. society. You may be asked questions related to:
- Your residential and employment history in the U.S.
- Your status as a Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR).
- Your marriage, background, and moral character.
- Your commitment to U.S. values and willingness to take the Oath of Allegiance.
The officer will also assess your proficiency in English reading, writing, and speaking skills. This ensures that you are prepared to fully participate in American civic life.
Applicants should also study the 100 Citizenship Test Questions and Answers (2025 edition) to prepare for the civics portion of the exam.
Lost or Damaged Naturalization Certificate
If your naturalization certificate has been lost, stolen, or damaged, you can request a replacement by filing Form N-565 with USCIS.
Why Work with Immigration Attorneys at Green Card Link?
The naturalization process can be complex, and even small mistakes may lead to costly delays or denials. That’s why it’s highly recommended to work with an experienced immigration attorney at Green Card Link. Their attorneys can guide you through every stage of the process, from filing your N-400 to preparing for your citizenship interview, ensuring that you have the best chance of success.
Take the next step toward U.S. citizenship—schedule a consultation with Green Card Link today.
Frequently Asked Questions about U.S. Citizenship and Nationality
What is citizenship?
Citizenship is a legal status that defines the relationship between an individual and a country, granting specific rights, privileges, and responsibilities.
Is nationality the same as place of birth?
Not always. Nationality generally refers to your legal affiliation with a country, while place of birth is simply where you were born.
What is the difference between nationality and ethnicity?
Nationality is tied to a nation-state, whereas ethnicity refers to cultural, racial, or ancestral heritage.
Can I apply for dual citizenship?
This depends on the policies of both countries involved. Some countries, such as China, do not allow dual citizenship. Applicants should consult with an immigration attorney at Green Card Link to determine eligibility.
How much does dual citizenship cost?
For U.S. naturalization, the filing fee is $760 for paper applications or $710 for online submissions. However, fees will vary depending on the second country’s regulations.
How Green Card Link Can Help
Navigating the path to U.S. citizenship requires knowledge, precision, and careful planning. At Green Card Link, its immigration attorneys are dedicated to helping individuals and families achieve their citizenship goals. With proven experience and personalized support, Green Card Link ensures that your case is handled with the highest level of care and professionalism.